Vulnerabilities

Sangoma Switchvox SMB Edition 8.3 (build 104997) contains an unauthenticated SQL injection flaw (CWE-89) in its /pa endpoint, where the user-controlled PhoneIP value from XML input is concatenated directly into PostgreSQL queries without sanitization or parameterization. A single crafted request lets a remote, unauthenticated attacker execute arbitrary SQL statements against the backend PostgreSQL database, which can be escalated to remote code execution on the server. Any organization running the affected Switchvox SMB Edition build is exposed, especially appliances reachable from the internet. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw was added to CISA's KEV catalog on 2026-09-02, and researchers have observed attackers using it without credentials to deploy reverse shells and cryptocurrency miners.

Do: Identify all Switchvox SMB Edition deployments and verify the running build (affected: 8.3, build 104997), then upgrade to the patched release specified in Sangoma's advisory. If patching is delayed, restrict or remove internet exposure of the Switchvox web interface, including the /pa endpoint. Hunt for indicators of compromise such as unexpected reverse shells, new processes, or crypto-miner activity, as active exploitation is confirmed and the flaw is on CISA's KEV catalog, making it subject to BOD 26-04 patching guidance for federal stakeholders.

FreePBX is an open source IP PBX. From 15.0.42 to before 16.0.45 and 17.0.7, unauthenticated users may be able to access the User Control Panel (UCP) using hard-coded initial template credentials if these were not immediately changed by the Administrator who enabled UCP. Authenticated access to ACP is required for the initial setup of UCP generic templates, but after that, without further steps by the admin, unauthenticated users may be able to gain access. This vulnerability is fixed in 16.0.45 and 17.0.7.

FreePBX is an open source IP PBX. From versions 16.0.17.2 to before 16.0.20 and from version 17.0.2.4 to before 17.0.5, multiple command injection vulnerabilities exist in the recordings module. This issue has been patched in versions 16.0.20 and 17.0.5.

FreePBX is an open-source web-based graphical user interface (GUI) that manages Asterisk. Prior to 17.0.5 and 16.0.17, FreePBX module api (PBX API) is vulnerable to privilege escalation by authenticated users with REST/GraphQL API access. This vulnerability allows an attacker to forge a valid JWT with full access to the REST and GraphQL APIs on a FreePBX that they've already connected to, possibly as a lower privileged user. The JWT is signed using the api-oauth.key private key. An attacker can generate their own token if they possess this key (e.g., by accessing an affected instance), and specify any scopes they wish (e.g., rest, gql), bypassing traditional authorization checks. However, FreePBX enforces that the jti (JWT ID) claim must exist in the database (api_access_tokens table in the asterisk MySQL database) in order for the token to be accepted. Therefore, the attacker must know a jti value that already exists on the target instance. This vulnerability is fixed in 17.0.5 and 16.0.17.

Asterisk is an open source private branch exchange and telephony toolkit. Prior to versions 20.7-cert9, 20.18.2, 21.12.1, 22.8.2, and 23.2.2, the asterisk/contrib/scripts/ast_coredumper runs as root, as noted by the NOTES tag on line 689 of the ast_coredumper file. The script will source the contents of /etc/asterisk/ast_debug_tools.conf, which resides in a folder that is writeable by the asterisk user:group. Due to the /etc/asterisk/ast_debug_tools.conf file following bash semantics and it being loaded; an attacker with write permissions may add or modify the file such that when the root ast_coredumper is run; it would source and thereby execute arbitrary bash code found in the /etc/asterisk/ast_debug_tools.conf. This issue has been patched in versions 20.7-cert9, 20.18.2, 21.12.1, 22.8.2, and 23.2.2.

Asterisk is an open source private branch exchange and telephony toolkit. Prior to versions 20.7-cert9, 20.18.2, 21.12.1, 22.8.2, and 23.2.2, when ast_coredumper writes its gdb init and output files to a directory that is world-writable (for example /tmp), an attacker with write permission(which is all users on a linux system) to that directory can cause root to execute arbitrary commands or overwrite arbitrary files by controlling the gdb init file and output paths. This issue has been patched in versions 20.7-cert9, 20.18.2, 21.12.1, 22.8.2, and 23.2.2.

The FreePBX module tts (Text to Speech) for FreePBX, an open-source web-based graphical user interface (GUI) that manages Asterisk. Versions prior to 16.0.5 and 17.0.5 are vulnerable to SQL injection by authenticated users with administrator access. Authenticated users with administrative access to the Administrator Control Panel (ACP) can leverage this SQL injection vulnerability to extract sensitive information from the database and execute code on the system as the `asterisk` user with chained elevation to `root` privileges. Users should upgrade to version 16.0.5 or 17.0.5 to receive a fix.

FreePBX 16 contains an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability in the API module that allows attackers with valid session credentials to execute arbitrary commands. Attackers can exploit the 'generatedocs' endpoint by crafting malicious POST requests with bash command injection to establish remote shell access.

FreePBX Endpoint Manager is a module for managing telephony endpoints in FreePBX systems. Versions are vulnerable to authentication bypass when the authentication type is set to "webserver." When providing an Authorization header with an arbitrary value, a session is associated with the target user regardless of valid credentials. This issue is fixed in versions 16.0.44 and 17.0.23.

Sangoma FreePBX's filestore module within the Administrative interface (described alongside the Endpoint Manager module) contains an OS command injection flaw (CWE-78) in its testconnection -> check_ssh_connect() function, affecting versions 17.0.2.36 and above before 17.0.3. An attacker who is already authenticated — CVSS 4.0 scoring indicates high privileges are required — can trigger the test-connection function to inject and execute arbitrary operating-system commands. Successful exploitation gives the attacker remote access to the system as the 'asterisk' user, and in observed attacks this has been leveraged to deploy a weaponized web shell. Any FreePBX deployment running the affected module versions is exposed; CISA added the flaw to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2026-02-03, and public reporting ties it to web shell campaigns that have compromised 900+ FreePBX instances. EPSS currently assigns an 84.6% probability of exploitation within 30 days (100th percentile), underscoring the urgency of patching.

Do: Upgrade the filestore/Endpoint Manager module to version 17.0.3 or later via FreePBX module administration, following vendor instructions — CISA KEV/BOD 22-01 requires applying vendor mitigations or discontinuing use if mitigation is unavailable. Hunt for the weaponized web shell described in Fortinet's referenced research, unexpected files or processes running as the asterisk user, and suspicious activity through the Administrative interface, and restrict admin access to trusted users and networks until patched.

FreePBX is an open source GUI for managing Asterisk. In versions prior to 16.0.68.39 for FreePBX 16 and versions prior to 17.0.18.38 for FreePBX 17, a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability is present on the Asterisk HTTP Status page. The Asterisk HTTP status page is exposed by FreePBX and is available by default on version 16 via any bound IP address at port 8088. By default on version 17, the binding is only to localhost IP, making it significantly less vulnerable. The vulnerability can be exploited by unauthenticated attackers to obtain cookies from logged-in users, allowing them to hijack a session of an administrative user. The theft of admin session cookies allows attackers to gain control over the FreePBX admin interface, enabling them to access sensitive data, modify system configurations, create backdoor accounts, and cause service disruption. This issue has been patched in version 16.0.68.39 for FreePBX 16 and version 17.0.18.38 for FreePBX 17.

A local privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the safe_asterisk script included with the Asterisk toolkit package. When Asterisk is started via this script (common in SysV init or FreePBX environments), it sources all .sh files located in /etc/asterisk/startup.d/ as root, without validating ownership or permissions. Non-root users with legitimate write access to /etc/asterisk can exploit this behaviour by placing malicious scripts in the startup.d directory, which will then execute with root privileges upon service restart.

FreePBX is an open-source web-based graphical user interface. In FreePBX 15, 16, and 17, malicious connections to the Administrator Control Panel web interface can cause the uninstall function to be triggered for certain modules. This function drops the module's database tables, which is where most modules store their configuration. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.0.38, 16.0.41, and 17.0.21.

FreePBX, Sangoma's open-source web-based GUI for managing PBX systems, is vulnerable in versions 15, 16, and 17 endpoint releases due to insufficiently sanitized user-supplied data (SQL injection, CWE-89, combined with an authentication bypass, CWE-288). An unauthenticated, remote attacker can exploit the flaw without any privileges or user interaction to gain unauthorized access to the FreePBX Administrator interface. From there, the attacker can arbitrarily manipulate the database and ultimately achieve remote code execution on the server. Deployments running affected endpoint versions of FreePBX 15, 16, or 17 are impacted, particularly those with the admin web interface reachable from the internet. The flaw is being actively exploited in the wild: it was added to CISA's KEV catalog on 2025-08-29, a public proof-of-concept is available from watchTowr Labs, and EPSS places it at 85.5% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (100th percentile).

Do: Immediately update the FreePBX endpoint package to version 15.0.66, 16.0.89, or 17.0.3 as applicable for each major version in use; federal agencies must follow the CISA BOD 22-01 required actions. Restrict or allowlist access to the FreePBX Administrator web interface at the firewall/reverse proxy level, and review logs for unauthenticated administrator access, unexpected database changes, or uploaded webshells indicating compromise. Treat this as an actively exploited vulnerability given its KEV listing, public PoC, and high EPSS score.

Asterisk is an open source private branch exchange and telephony toolkit. Prior to versions 20.15.2, 21.10.2, and 22.5.2, if a SIP request is received with an Authorization header that contains a realm that wasn't in a previous 401 response's WWW-Authenticate header, or an Authorization header with an incorrect realm was received without a previous 401 response being sent, the get_authorization_header() function in res_pjsip_authenticator_digest will return a NULL. This wasn't being checked before attempting to get the digest algorithm from the header which causes a SEGV. This issue has been patched in versions 20.15.2, 21.10.2, and 22.5.2. There are no workarounds.

Asterisk is an open source private branch exchange and telephony toolkit. In versions up to and including 18.26.2, between 20.00.0 and 20.15.0, 20.7-cert6, 21.00.0, 22.00.0 through 22.5.0, there is a remote DoS and possible RCE condition in `asterisk/res/res_stir_shaken /verification.c` that can be exploited when an attacker can set an arbitrary Identity header, or STIR/SHAKEN is enabled, with verification set in the SIP profile associated with the endpoint to be attacked. This is fixed in versions 18.26.3, 20.7-cert6, 20.15.1, 21.10.1 and 22.5.1.

A buffer overflow in the the Sangoma IMG2020 HTTP server through 2.3.9.6 allows an unauthenticated user to achieve remote code execution.

Asterisk is an open-source private branch exchange (PBX). Prior to versions 18.26.2, 20.14.1, 21.9.1, and 22.4.1 of Asterisk and versions 18.9-cert14 and 20.7-cert5 of certified-asterisk, SIP requests of the type MESSAGE (RFC 3428) authentication do not get proper alignment. An authenticated attacker can spoof any user identity to send spam messages to the user with their authorization token. Abuse of this security issue allows authenticated attackers to send fake chat messages can be spoofed to appear to come from trusted entities. Even administrators who follow Security best practices and Security Considerations can be impacted. Therefore, abuse can lead to spam and enable social engineering, phishing and similar attacks. Versions 18.26.2, 20.14.1, 21.9.1, and 22.4.1 of Asterisk and versions 18.9-cert14 and 20.7-cert5 of certified-asterisk fix the issue.

Insecure Permissions vulnerability in asterisk v22 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the action_createconfig function. NOTE: this is disputed by the Supplier because the impact is limited to creating empty files outside of the Asterisk product directory (aka directory traversal) and the attack can only be performed by a privileged user who has the ability to manage the configuration.

An issue in the action_listcategories() function of Sangoma Asterisk v22/22.0.0/22.0.0-rc1/22.0.0-rc2/22.0.0-pre1 allows attackers to execute a path traversal.

A vulnerability was discovered in FreePBX 17.0.19.17. It does not verify the type of uploaded (valid FreePBX module) files, allowing high-privilege administrators to insert unwanted files. NOTE: the Supplier's position is that there is no risk beyond what high-privilege administrators are intentionally allowed to do.

Asterisk is an open-source private branch exchange (PBX). Prior to versions 18.24.3, 20.9.3, and 21.4.3 of Asterisk and versions 18.9-cert12 and 20.7-cert2 of certified-asterisk, if Asterisk attempts to send a SIP request to a URI whose host portion starts with `.1` or `[.1]`, and res_resolver_unbound is loaded, Asterisk will crash with a SEGV. To receive a patch, users should upgrade to one of the following versions: 18.24.3, 20.9.3, 21.4.3, certified-18.9-cert12, certified-20.7-cert2. Two workarounds are available. Disable res_resolver_unbound by setting `noload = res_resolver_unbound.so` in modules.conf, or set `rewrite_contact = yes` on all PJSIP endpoints. NOTE: This may not be appropriate for all Asterisk configurations.

Asterisk is an open source private branch exchange and telephony toolkit. After upgrade to 18.23.0, ALL unauthorized SIP requests are identified as PJSIP Endpoint of local asterisk server. This vulnerability is fixed in 18.23.1, 20.8.1, and 21.3.1.

Asterisk is an open source private branch exchange and telephony toolkit. In Asterisk versions 18.20.0 and prior, 20.5.0 and prior, and 21.0.0; as well as ceritifed-asterisk 18.9-cert5 and prior, the 'update' functionality of the PJSIP_HEADER dialplan function can exceed the available buffer space for storing the new value of a header. By doing so this can overwrite memory or cause a crash. This is not externally exploitable, unless dialplan is explicitly written to update a header based on data from an outside source. If the 'update' functionality is not used the vulnerability does not occur. A patch is available at commit a1ca0268254374b515fa5992f01340f7717113fa.

Sangoma Technologies FreePBX before cdr 15.0.18, 16.0.40, 15.0.16, and 16.0.17 was discovered to contain an access control issue via a modified parameter value, e.g., changing extension=self to extension=101.

Sangoma FreePBX 1805 through 2302 (when obtained as a ,.ISO file) places AMPDBUSER, AMPDBPASS, AMPMGRUSER, and AMPMGRPASS in the list of global variables. This exposes cleartext authentication credentials for the Asterisk Database (MariaDB/MySQL) and Asterisk Manager Interface. For example, an attacker can make a /ari/asterisk/variable?variable=AMPDBPASS API call.

A vulnerability was found in FreePBX arimanager up to 13.0.5.3 and classified as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component Views Handler. The manipulation of the argument dataurl leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 13.0.5.4 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 199dea7cc7020d3c469a86a39fbd80f5edd3c5ab. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-216878 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.

A vulnerability was found in FreePBX voicemail. It has been declared as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file page.voicemail.php. The manipulation leads to cross site scripting. The attack can be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 14.0.6.25 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 12e1469ef9208eda9d8955206e78345949236ee6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-216871.

A vulnerability was found in FreePBX cdr 14.0. It has been classified as critical. This affects the function ajaxHandler of the file ucp/Cdr.class.php. The manipulation of the argument limit/offset leads to sql injection. Upgrading to version 14.0.5.21 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is f1a9eea2dfff30fb99d825bac194a676a82b9ec8. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-216771.

In Sangoma Asterisk through 16.28.0, 17.x and 18.x through 18.14.0, and 19.x through 19.6.0, an incoming Setup message to addons/ooh323c/src/ooq931.c with a malformed Calling or Called Party IE can cause a crash.

PJSIP is a free and open source multimedia communication library written in C language implementing standard based protocols such as SIP, SDP, RTP, STUN, TURN, and ICE. In versions up to and including 2.11.1 when in a dialog set (or forking) scenario, a hash key shared by multiple UAC dialogs can potentially be prematurely freed when one of the dialogs is destroyed . The issue may cause a dialog set to be registered in the hash table multiple times (with different hash keys) leading to undefined behavior such as dialog list collision which eventually leading to endless loop. A patch is available in commit db3235953baa56d2fb0e276ca510fefca751643f which will be included in the next release. There are no known workarounds for this issue.

Sangoma Technologies Corporation Switchvox Version 102409 is affected by an information disclosure vulnerability due to an improper access restriction. Users information such as first name, last name, acount id, server uuid, email address, profile image, number, timestamps, etc can be extracted by sending an unauthenticated HTTP GET request to the https://Switchvox-IP/main?cmd=invalid_browser.

PJSIP is a free and open source multimedia communication library written in C language implementing standard based protocols such as SIP, SDP, RTP, STUN, TURN, and ICE. In versions 2.11.1 and prior, parsing an incoming SIP message that contains a malformed multipart can potentially cause out-of-bound read access. This issue affects all PJSIP users that accept SIP multipart. The patch is available as commit in the `master` branch. There are no known workarounds.