No Place to Hide: An Analysis on Protected Order Flow Sandwich Attacks
Study finds millions of sandwich attacks against supposedly protected order flow across six blockchains.
A three-year measurement study analyzes sandwich attacks against protected order flow on Ethereum, Solana, Tron, Base, Arbitrum, and Monad. It reports 28.0 million attacks on Solana, 38,567 on Tron, 30,607 on Ethereum, and 1,889 on Base, plus 2,875 further Ethereum victims exposed by reorganized blocks. Unlike public-mempool sandwiches, these rarely sit tightly around victims and, outside Solana, come from few entities. Cited exposures include Solana validator and application leaks, Ethereum order-flow auctions and reorgs, Tron latency front-running, and a Base RPC bug with predictable victim behavior.
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