Experts published a detailed analysis of Cisco IOS XE WLC flaw CVE-2025
Vulnerabilities mentionedAll →
| CVE | Vulnerability | CVSS | EPSS | Flags | Affected | Exposure | Published |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2025-20188 | Unauthenticated File Upload to Root RCE in Cisco IOS XE WLC (Hard-coded JWT) CVE-2025-20188 is a critical (CVSS 10.0) vulnerability in the Out-of-Band AP Image Download, Clean Air Spectral Recording, and client debug bundles features of Cisco IOS XE Software for Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs), caused by a hard-coded JSON Web Token (JWT) present on affected systems (CWE-798). An unauthenticated, remote attacker can trigger it by sending crafted HTTPS requests to the AP file upload interface, leveraging the hard-coded JWT. A successful exploit lets the attacker upload arbitrary files, perform path traversal, and execute arbitrary commands with root privileges on the controller. Any organization running an affected IOS XE release on a WLC is affected, with internet-reachable HTTPS management interfaces at highest risk; the source data does not enumerate specific affected version ranges. Cisco has shipped a patch, a public technical analysis/PoC exists, the flaw is not in CISA's KEV, and EPSS assigns a 27.1% probability of exploitation within 30 days (98th percentile), indicating elevated but not yet confirmed in-the-wild exploitation. Do: Upgrade affected WLCs to a fixed IOS XE release listed in Cisco's advisory; the provided data contains no version numbers, so rely on the advisory's fixed-release table rather than this summary. As an interim measure, restrict internet access to the controller's HTTPS management/AP file upload interface and consider disabling the affected features (notably Out-of-Band AP Image Download) where feasible. Because successful exploitation grants root-level command execution, hunt for indicators such as unexpected uploaded files or unexplained configuration changes, and monitor for potential KEV listing given the 27.1% EPSS score. | 10.0 | 27% | PoC |
| largeon the order of 10k-100k deployed IOS XE-based WLC systems, likely tens of thousands of internet-exposed controllers (estimate) |
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Technical details about a critical Cisco IOS XE WLC flaw (CVE-2025-20188) are now public, raising the risk of a working exploit emerging soon.
Details of a critical vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-20188, impacting Cisco IOS XE WLC are now public, raising the risk of exploitation.
In early May, Cisco released software updates to address the vulnerability CVE-2025-20188 (CVSS score 10). An unauthenticated, remote attacker can exploit the flaw to load arbitrary files to a vulnerable system.
An attacker can exploit this flaw by sending crafted HTTPS requests to the AP image download interface, potentially gaining root access and executing arbitrary commands.
“A vulnerability in the Out-of-Band Access Point (AP) Image Download feature of Cisco IOS XE Software for Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to upload arbitrary files to an affected system.” reads the advisory. “This vulnerability is due to the presence of a hard-coded JSON Web Token (JWT) on an affected system. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted HTTPS requests to the AP image download interface. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to upload files, perform path traversal, and execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.”
The flaw can be exploited only if the Out-of-Band AP Image Download feature is enabled, however the IT giant pointed out that the flaw is disabled by default.
The vulnerability impacts the following products:
- Catalyst 9800-CL Wireless Controllers for Cloud
- Catalyst 9800 Embedded Wireless Controller for Catalyst 9300, 9400, and 9500 Series Switches
- Catalyst 9800 Series Wireless Controllers
- Embedded Wireless Controller on Catalyst APs
To check if a device is affected, run show running-config | include ap upgrade. If it returns ap upgrade method https, the Out-of-Band AP Image Download feature is enabled.
“With this feature disabled, AP image download will use the CAPWAP method for the AP image update feature, and this does not impact the AP client state.” continues the advisory.
The company states that no workaround exists, but the vulnerability can be mitigated by disabling the Out-of-Band AP Image Download feature. Cisco urges this until a fix is applied, but users must assess the impact on their environment first.
At the time the flaw was disclosed, the Cisco Product Security Incident Response Team (PSIRT) stated it was not aware of any active exploitation in the wild.
Horizon3 researchers discovered the vulnerability in Cisco IOS XE WLC and reported that it is caused by a hardcoded fallback secret (“notfound”) and weak path validation. If the system’s JWT key file is missing, it defaults to using “notfound” to verify tokens, making it easy for attackers to create valid tokens without knowing any real secret. By targeting a file upload feature on port 8443, attackers can sneak files outside the intended directory. This loophole can then be used to gain remote code execution by overwriting configuration files or hijacking services like pvp.sh that automatically act on certain files.
“After digging through those services, we discovered an internal process management service (pvp.sh) that waits for files to be written to a specific directory. Once a change is detected, it can trigger a service reload based on the commands specified in the service’s config file.” reads the report published by Horizon3. “In short, for RCE we’ll need to…
- … overwrite the existing config file with our own commands.
- … upload a new file to cause the services to be reloaded.
- … check if we succeeded.”
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Text extracted automatically; images, tables and formatting may be missing. Original: https://securityaffairs.com/178497/security/cisco-ios-xe-wlc-flaw-cve-2025-20188.html