Microsoft Patches Six Zero

CVE-2022-41040 is a server-side request forgery (SSRF, CWE-918) vulnerability in Microsoft Exchange Server, publicly tracked under the name "ProxyNotShell" together with CVE-2022-41082. It is triggered when an attacker sends crafted HTTP requests to exposed Exchange web endpoints (such as Autodiscover), causing the server to issue attacker-influenced requests to itself. On its own the SSRF coerces authenticated server-side requests, but when chained with the CVE-2022-41082 remote code execution flaw it gives the attacker code execution on the Exchange server, typically followed by web shells, data access, and — in observed campaigns — ransomware deployment. Organizations running on-premises Microsoft Exchange Server are affected; the source data lists only Microsoft Exchange Server and does not specify affected version ranges, and hosted Exchange Online is a separate product not listed here. The vulnerability is being actively exploited in the wild: it was added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2022-09-30 with known ransomware use, and EPSS assigns it a 100% probability of exploitation within 30 days; no public PoC is listed.

Do: Apply Microsoft's Exchange Server security updates per vendor instructions immediately, as required by the CISA KEV catalog. As interim mitigation, restrict or block untrusted internet access to Exchange web endpoints (e.g., Autodiscover, OWA, ECP), and review IIS logs for suspicious crafted requests indicating SSRF or the chained CVE-2022-41082 exploitation. Given documented ransomware use, prioritize any internet-facing Exchange server and hunt for web shells and post-exploitation activity.

CVE-2022-41128 is a remote code execution flaw in the JScript9 scripting language on Microsoft Windows, classed by the CWE taxonomy as an out-of-bounds write (CWE-787), meaning crafted input can write past the end of an allocated memory buffer. Microsoft's description is limited, but flaws of this type in scripting engines are typically triggered when the engine processes attacker-crafted script content, such as script embedded in a web page or document. Successful exploitation would let an attacker execute arbitrary code in the context of the affected process on the target Windows system. Any Windows deployment that processes content through the JScript9 engine is affected, which spans a broad share of the Windows installed base. The flaw was added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2022-11-08, indicating confirmed in-the-wild exploitation; no public proof-of-concept is known, EPSS puts the 30-day exploitation probability at 24.6% (98th percentile), and ransomware use is unknown.

Do: Apply Microsoft's Windows security updates per vendor instructions without delay, prioritizing internet-facing and user-workstation systems because the flaw is KEV-listed as actively exploited. Until patched, limit exposure to untrusted script-bearing web content and documents from unverified sources, and verify remediation status against Microsoft's update guidance.

CVE-2022-41080 is an elevation-of-privilege flaw in Microsoft Exchange Server that stems from improper handling of requests to the server's Autodiscover component, allowing an attacker with any valid authenticated mailbox account to escalate privileges on the server. It is triggered by sending crafted authenticated HTTP requests to the Autodiscover endpoint, and it lets attackers bypass the URL-rewrite mitigations defenders had deployed against the earlier ProxyNotShell SSRF. When chained with the related PowerShell remote-code-execution bug CVE-2022-41082, privilege escalation becomes full remote code execution on the Exchange server. Any organization running on-premises Exchange Server with the Autodiscover component reachable — especially internet-exposed OWA/Autodiscover endpoints — is affected. The flaw is actively exploited: it was added to CISA's KEV catalog on 2023-01-10, is known to be used by ransomware operators, and has been tied to the Play ransomware gang, including the attack that took Rackspace's hosted Exchange environment offline.

Do: Apply Microsoft Exchange Server security updates per vendor instructions (this CVE was fixed in Microsoft's November 2022 Exchange security updates — verify your servers are fully patched through the January 2023 rollups and that no Exchange builds predate the fix). Until patched, apply and verify the Autodiscover URL-rewrite/allow-list mitigation, knowing this flaw is a known bypass vector, and restrict Autodiscover/OWA exposure where feasible. Hunt for compromise in IIS logs for unusual requests to /autodiscover/autodiscover.json followed by PowerShell (CVE-2022-41082) activity, and treat any suspicious authenticated sessions as potential ransomware precursor activity.