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No Place to Hide: An Analysis on Protected Order Flow Sandwich Attacks

Study finds millions of sandwich attacks against supposedly protected order flow across six blockchains.

A three-year measurement study analyzes sandwich attacks against protected order flow on Ethereum, Solana, Tron, Base, Arbitrum, and Monad. It reports 28.0 million attacks on Solana, 38,567 on Tron, 30,607 on Ethereum, and 1,889 on Base, plus 2,875 further Ethereum victims exposed by reorganized blocks. Unlike public-mempool sandwiches, these rarely sit tightly around victims and, outside Solana, come from few entities. Cited exposures include Solana validator and application leaks, Ethereum order-flow auctions and reorgs, Tron latency front-running, and a Base RPC bug with predictable victim behavior.

arXiv cs.CRSep 23, 13:45 UTC · 3d agoResearch in the wild

EVAGE: Autonomous MEV Generation and Adaptation via Multi-Agent Harness

EVAGE is a multi-agent system that autonomously generates and adapts MEV bots across Ethereum, Base, and BSC.

EVAGE is a multi-agent research framework that generates and adapts maximal extractable value (MEV) strategies offline so model inference stays off the live execution path. An orchestrator and three subagents implement and repair bot workflows through closed-loop diagnostics, producing deterministic proof-of-concept code. On more than 1.5 million blocks each from Ethereum, Base, and BNB Smart Chain, the authors report five new Ethereum variants with profit increases from 1.02x to 15.97x, adaptation of 11 strategies from CPMM to CLMM and Balancer V2, and ports from Ethereum to Base and BSC for under $60 in token cost.

arXiv cs.CRSep 23, 06:41 UTC · 4d agoResearch

SkelOT: Reusing AOT Compilation Across EVM Contract Families

SkelOT reuses one native AOT artifact per EVM contract family, cutting Base compile units by 47.5%.

Ahead-of-time EVM compilers such as revmc, evmone, and DTVM reuse artifacts only by code hash, even though factory, proxy, and template deployments share instruction structure and differ mainly in constants. Across Base, Ethereum, BSC, and Arbitrum, 23.1-47.6% of unique compilable bytecodes mapped to shared family skeletons in 10K-block windows. SkelOT, built on revmc and LLVM, compiles one native artifact per family and loads variant constants from a per-contract table. On a 10K-block Base corpus of 3.52 million transactions it cut compilation units 47.5%, artifact footprint 57.4%, and compile time 2.19x, with a 1.31x median per-contract speedup and byte-identical execution.

arXiv cs.CRSep 21, 10:55 UTC · 5d agoResearch

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Appears with

No Place to Hide: An Analysis on Protected Order Flow Sandwich Attacks

EVAGE: Autonomous MEV Generation and Adaptation via Multi-Agent Harness

SkelOT: Reusing AOT Compilation Across EVM Contract Families