From Ransomware to Cyber Espionage: 55 Zero

CVE-2022-0609 is a use-after-free vulnerability (CWE-416) in the Animation component of Google's Chromium browser engine that can corrupt heap memory. A remote attacker triggers it by persuading a user to load a crafted HTML page (for example via a malicious or compromised website), with no authentication required beyond opening the page. Successful exploitation can lead to heap corruption and potentially arbitrary code execution in the context of the affected browser. Any browser or application built on Chromium is potentially affected, including Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Opera. The flaw is actively exploited: CISA added it to the KEV catalog on 2022-02-15 with a required action to apply vendor updates, Google confirmed in-the-wild exploitation at disclosure, no public PoC is known, ransomware use is unknown, and EPSS assigns a 22.3% probability of exploitation within 30 days (98th percentile).

Do: Apply the vendor updates immediately: Google fixed this in Chrome 98.0.4758.102 (February 2022), so update Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Opera, and any other Chromium-based browsers or Chromium-embedded applications to releases containing that Chromium fix, and inventory browser versions across your fleet to catch machines lagging on the update. Until fully patched, treat unsolicited links to web pages as an exploitation vector given confirmed in-the-wild use, and comply with CISA's KEV required action to apply updates per vendor instructions.

CVE-2022-1040 is a critical authentication bypass in the User Portal and Webadmin of Sophos Firewall (SFOS) version v18.5 MR3 and older. A remote, unauthenticated attacker who can reach either web-facing service bypasses authentication and executes code on the firewall appliance. Successful exploitation yields full device compromise (CVSS 9.8 with high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact), enabling traffic interception, persistence, and pivoting into the protected network. Any organization running an affected Sophos Firewall version where the User Portal or Webadmin is reachable, especially from the internet, is exposed. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: it was exploited as a zero-day in March 2022, added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog on 2022-03-31, and used in campaigns attributed to Chinese actors, including a U.S. indictment of a Chinese hacker for exploiting the flaw.

Do: Upgrade Sophos Firewall to a fixed release (v18.5 MR4 or later, per Sophos' patch instructions). Until patched, restrict access to the User Portal and Webadmin to trusted management networks or VPN clients and remove any direct internet exposure to these services. Review device and authentication logs for signs of exploitation, including unexpected or modified administrator accounts and configuration changes, and follow the vendor/CISA required action to apply updates.

Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) contains a cross-site scripting (CWE-79) flaw with improper encoding/escaping (CWE-116) in its Calendar feature, allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code. The flaw is triggered through the Calendar functionality, where attacker-supplied content is rendered without proper encoding, enabling script/code execution in the context of affected ZCS deployments. A successful attacker can execute arbitrary code in the targeted environment, and CISA notes known ransomware use in the wild. Organizations running Synacor ZCS are affected; the specific affected version ranges are not stated in the available data. The vulnerability was added to the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2022-02-25 with a 30.9% EPSS probability of exploitation within 30 days, though no public proof-of-concept is known.

Do: Apply updates per vendor instructions, as required by the CISA KEV listing. Because ransomware use is known, prioritize patching internet-facing ZCS servers, review Zimbra mailbox/Calendar logs for signs of malicious items or unauthorized access, and confirm users' sessions and accounts have not been compromised. Until patched, treat untrusted calendar invites as untrusted input and limit exposure of the ZCS web interface.

Atlassian Confluence Server and Data Center contain an unauthenticated remote code execution flaw caused by improper neutralization of expression-language (OGNL) input (CWE-917): an attacker with network access to the application can submit a crafted request that is evaluated as an expression and executed by the server. Successful exploitation lets a remote, unauthenticated attacker run arbitrary code with the privileges of the Confluence process, without any credentials. All organizations running self-managed Confluence Server or Data Center are affected, particularly instances exposed to the internet; Confluence Cloud is not listed among the affected products. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw was added to CISA's KEV on 2022-06-02 with ransomware use marked as known, and EPSS assigns a 100% probability of exploitation within 30 days (100th percentile). CVSS has not yet been scored in this data, but the KEV listing and known ransomware use make unpatched, internet-facing instances a top-priority patching target.

Do: Immediately upgrade to the patched Confluence release specified in Atlassian's 2022-06-02 security advisory, and until patched follow the CISA required action to block all internet traffic to and from affected instances. Because in-the-wild exploitation and ransomware use are confirmed, also hunt for compromise indicators on both patched and unpatched hosts, such as webshells, unexpected child processes of the Confluence service, and unusual outbound connections.

CVE-2022-27518 is a critical flaw in Citrix Application Delivery Controller (ADC) and Gateway firmware that permits unauthenticated remote arbitrary code execution, which CISA characterizes as an authentication bypass. It is triggered remotely over the network with no credentials, privileges, or user interaction required (CVSS 3.1: AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N, score 9.8), so any affected appliance with an internet-reachable interface is a potential target. A successful attacker gains code execution on the appliance and access to sensitive resources, which is especially dangerous on VPN gateway and load-balancing deployments that front-door enterprise networks. All organizations running Citrix ADC or Gateway appliances are potentially affected, with internet-exposed devices at greatest risk. The flaw is being actively exploited in the wild, including by state-sponsored actors; it was added to CISA KEV on 2022-12-13 and Citrix and the NSA publicly urged admins to patch, though no public proof-of-concept is known.

Do: Apply the fixed firmware updates per Citrix's vendor instructions immediately, prioritizing internet-facing ADC and Gateway appliances, since the flaw is in CISA KEV and actively exploited by state-sponsored actors. Until patched, restrict or shield appliance interfaces where feasible, and review internet-exposed devices for indicators of compromise given the absence of a public PoC.

CVE-2022-30190 (Follina) is a remote code execution flaw in the Microsoft Windows Support Diagnostic Tool (MSDT) when MSDT is invoked through its ms-msdt URL protocol by a calling application such as Microsoft Word. Attackers trigger it by luring a user into opening a malicious document — typically a Word/RTF file whose link or remotely linked template launches the ms-msdt: URI with attacker-supplied commands — and CVSS 3.1 rates it 7.8 with a local attack vector and required user interaction. A successful exploit runs arbitrary code with the privileges of the calling application, allowing the attacker to install programs, view, change or delete data, or create new accounts in the user's context. Per the CISA data, affected platforms are Windows 7, 8.1 and RT 8.1, Windows 10 versions 1507 through 21H2, Windows 11 21H2, and Windows Server 2008 and 2012 — essentially any Windows installation that ships MSDT, with Office/Word as the common delivery vector. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: Microsoft acknowledged it as an exploited zero-day, CISA added it to the KEV on 2022-06-14 with known ransomware use, EPSS puts the 30-day exploitation probability at 99.2% (99th percentile), and contemporaneous reporting also tied its use to espionage actors including APT28.

Do: Apply Microsoft's security updates per vendor instructions (the fix shipped in the June 2022 Patch Tuesday releases for the affected Windows versions), as required by CISA's KEV. If patching must be delayed, follow Microsoft's documented mitigation to disable the MSDT URL protocol (remove or restrict the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\ms-msdt registry key) and enforce Office Protected View / block Word from fetching remote templates over the network. Hunt for exploitation by checking whether Office processes (WINWORD.exe) launch msdt.exe or sdiagnhost.exe, or whether ms-msdt: URIs are invoked unexpectedly.

CVE-2022-41128 is a remote code execution flaw in the JScript9 scripting language on Microsoft Windows, classed by the CWE taxonomy as an out-of-bounds write (CWE-787), meaning crafted input can write past the end of an allocated memory buffer. Microsoft's description is limited, but flaws of this type in scripting engines are typically triggered when the engine processes attacker-crafted script content, such as script embedded in a web page or document. Successful exploitation would let an attacker execute arbitrary code in the context of the affected process on the target Windows system. Any Windows deployment that processes content through the JScript9 engine is affected, which spans a broad share of the Windows installed base. The flaw was added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2022-11-08, indicating confirmed in-the-wild exploitation; no public proof-of-concept is known, EPSS puts the 30-day exploitation probability at 24.6% (98th percentile), and ransomware use is unknown.

Do: Apply Microsoft's Windows security updates per vendor instructions without delay, prioritizing internet-facing and user-workstation systems because the flaw is KEV-listed as actively exploited. Until patched, limit exposure to untrusted script-bearing web content and documents from unverified sources, and verify remediation status against Microsoft's update guidance.

CVE-2022-41328 is a path traversal flaw (CWE-22) in Fortinet FortiOS in which the system fails to properly limit file paths, allowing crafted CLI commands to escape the restricted directory. A privileged attacker — one who already has CLI access to the device — can issue these crafted commands to read and write arbitrary files on the underlying Linux system, effectively breaking out of the FortiOS CLI sandbox. That post-compromise capability is valuable for stealth and persistence, since changes to system files on the underlying OS may not be visible through normal FortiOS administration. Organizations running FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.3, 7.0.0 through 7.0.9, or any release before 6.4.11 are affected. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw was added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog on 2023-03-14, carries a high EPSS score (10.7% probability of exploitation within 30 days, 96th percentile), and public reporting describes its use in targeted cyberattacks on government entities attributed to the espionage group tracked as UNC3886, though no public proof-of-concept code is known.

Do: Upgrade all affected FortiGate/FortiOS devices to a fixed release beyond the affected ranges — 7.2.4 or later, 7.0.10 or later, or 6.4.11 or later — per Fortinet's advisory, as required by the CISA KEV entry. Restrict privileged CLI access (admin accounts, trusted-host/local-in policies) and review CLI logs plus the underlying Linux filesystem for unexpected file changes as signs of compromise, particularly on government or otherwise high-value networks given UNC3886 targeting.

CVE-2022-42475 is a critical (CVSS 9.8) heap-based buffer overflow in the SSL-VPN service of Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy. A remote, unauthenticated attacker can trigger it by sending specifically crafted requests to an exposed SSL-VPN interface, with no user interaction or credentials required. Successful exploitation yields arbitrary code or command execution on the appliance, giving attackers a foothold on the perimeter device from which they can pivot into internal networks. Any organization running the listed FortiOS (6.0 through 7.2) or FortiProxy (7.0/7.2) versions with SSL-VPN enabled is affected. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw is in CISA KEV with known ransomware use, has near-certain exploitation probability (EPSS 99.5%), and has been used in targeted government attacks and a Chinese-nexus espionage campaign that compromised over 20,000 systems, with attackers also noted to retain access even after patching.

Do: Upgrade FortiOS and FortiProxy to fixed releases per Fortinet advisory FG-IR-22-398 (any version beyond the listed affected ranges), and reboot the appliance after patching to clear lingering SSL-VPN sessions since attackers have been observed retaining access post-patch. Check for indicators of compromise such as unknown local accounts, unexpected processes, and anomalous historical logins, and rotate SSL-VPN credentials if compromise is suspected. If SSL-VPN is not required, disable it or restrict exposure to trusted sources until patched.

CVE-2023-23397 is an elevation of privilege vulnerability in Microsoft Outlook caused by improper input validation (CWE-20) combined with authentication bypass via spoofed authentication data on the channel (CWE-294), allowing an attacker to force Outlook to authenticate to an attacker-controlled SMB/WebDAV server. It is triggered when Outlook processes a crafted email or calendar object — for example a meeting or task reminder whose sound property points to an attacker-supplied UNC path — and requires no user interaction. That authentication exchange leaks the victim's NTLM credential hash, which the attacker can crack offline or relay to authenticate as the victim and access resources such as Exchange mailboxes, effectively escalating privileges. Affected software spans Microsoft 365 Apps, Microsoft Office (including the Long Term Servicing Channel), and Microsoft Outlook, which are deployed across enterprises, governments, and militaries worldwide. It is actively exploited in the wild — added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2023-03-14 with a 97.4% EPSS — and Microsoft has warned of exploitation by Russia-aligned threat actors in campaigns against government and military mail servers, with patches shipped in Microsoft's March 2023 security updates.

Do: Apply Microsoft's March 2023 security updates to Microsoft 365 Apps, Office/LTSC, and Outlook immediately, per CISA's required action. As interim mitigation, enable Extended Protection for Authentication or add accounts to the Protected Users group to block the NTLM credential leak, and audit calendar and task reminder sound properties for UNC paths (Microsoft published an audit/cleanup script for this) while watching for unexpected outbound SMB/WebDAV connections from hosts running Outlook.