ZeroHour
Kaspersky Securelistpublished ()ingested @Securelist1

The Dropping Elephant – aggressive cyber

Vulnerabilities mentionedAll →

CVEVulnerabilityCVSSEPSSFlagsAffectedExposurePublished
CVE-2012-0158
Remote Code Execution in Microsoft MSCOMCTL.OCX (Windows Common Controls)

CVE-2012-0158 is a remote code execution flaw in Microsoft's MSCOMCTL.OCX, the Windows Common Controls ActiveX component, where improper handling of crafted input allows memory corruption and code execution. It is typically triggered when an application that uses the control (most commonly Microsoft Office) processes specially crafted content, such as a malicious document or file, meaning a victim usually has to open attacker-supplied content. Successful exploitation lets an attacker run arbitrary code and take complete control of the affected system with the privileges of the current user. Any Windows system carrying a vulnerable copy of MSCOMCTL.OCX — including systems where the control was redistributed by legacy applications — is affected, which makes the potential population very large. Exploitation is confirmed and ongoing: the flaw is in CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog (added 2021-11-03) with known ransomware use, and EPSS assigns it the maximum reported probability of exploitation within 30 days.

Do: Apply the Microsoft security update for MSCOMCTL.OCX (per vendor instructions, per CISA's required action) on all systems, prioritizing endpoints and servers that open Office documents. Because exploitation commonly arrives via malicious documents, treat unsolicited Office/RTF attachments with suspicion and verify that applications that redistribute MSCOMCTL.OCX have installed a patched copy. Scan the estate for the presence and version of MSCOMCTL.OCX, especially on legacy Windows/Office installations that may be missed by routine patching.

100% KEV ransomware
  • Microsoft MSCOMCTL.OCX
masshundreds of millions of Windows systems potentially affected
CVE-2014-1761
Memory Corruption RCE in Microsoft Word

CVE-2014-1761 is a memory corruption vulnerability (CWE-119) in Microsoft Word that can be triggered by processing a maliciously crafted document, such as one delivered as an email attachment. Successful exploitation corrupts memory in a way that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the victim's system with the privileges of the current user. Anyone running an affected Microsoft Word installation is exposed, which in practice spans a very large share of business and consumer desktops given Word's ubiquity. The flaw is confirmed as exploited in the wild: it was added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog on 2022-02-15, and EPSS assigns it a 77.5% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (100th percentile). No public proof-of-concept is known, but the KEV listing and high EPSS indicate real-world attacker activity, and Word document flaws of this kind have historically featured in targeted APT and spear-phishing campaigns.

Do: Apply Microsoft's security update for CVE-2014-1761 to every Word installation per vendor instructions, treating it as an actively exploited, high-priority patch. Until patched, be alert for unsolicited Word documents arriving by email, and consider file-blocking policies for documents from untrusted sources. Check that legacy Word editions within your estate are covered, since older builds that no longer receive routine updates are the most likely to remain exposed.

77% KEV
  • Microsoft Word
masshundreds of millions of Word installations worldwide (Word is the dominant word processor across enterprise desktops)
CVE-2014-6352
Remote Code Execution in Microsoft Windows via Crafted OLE Objects (CVE-2014-6352)

CVE-2014-6352 is a code injection vulnerability (CWE-94) in the way Microsoft Windows processes Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) objects, the mechanism used to embed linked or embedded content such as links, charts, or multimedia inside documents. An attacker triggers the flaw by delivering a file containing a crafted OLE object — typically an Office document such as a presentation — and persuading a user to open it; successful exploitation allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of the logged-in user, potentially giving them control of the endpoint for data theft or as a foothold for lateral movement. The vulnerability affects Microsoft Windows systems for which Microsoft shipped fixes in its November 2014 updates, so any unpatched or legacy Windows client or server remains exposed. The flaw is listed in CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog (added 2022-02-25), confirming it has been used in real-world attacks, and its EPSS score of 77.6% places it in the top percentile for likely exploitation; no public proof-of-concept is recorded in the current data.

Do: Apply Microsoft's November 2014 security updates addressing this Windows OLE vulnerability across all Windows clients and servers per vendor instructions, prioritizing legacy and internet-reachable systems. Inventory the estate for missing patches, and in the interim restrict users from opening untrusted Office documents and email attachments, since exploitation requires the file to be opened. Track the CISA KEV required action and confirm remediation evidence for this entry.

78% KEV
  • Microsoft Windows
masshundreds of millions of Windows installations worldwide (Windows is near-universal on enterprise desktops and servers)

Indicators of compromiseAll →

TypeIndicatorContext
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Full article1,423 words · extracted from securelist.com · click to collapse

Dropping Elephant (also known as “Chinastrats” and “Patchwork“) is a relatively new threat actor that is targeting a variety of high profile diplomatic and economic targets using a custom set of attack tools. Its victims are all involved with China’s foreign relations in some way, and are generally caught through spear-phishing or watering hole attacks.

Overall, the activities of this actor show that low investment and ready-made offensive toolsets can be very effective when combined with high quality social engineering. We have seen more such open source toolset dependency with meterpreter and BeEF, and expect to see this trend continue.

The Attack Method: Infection Vector

Dropping Elephant uses two main infection vectors that share a common, and fairly elaborately maintained, social engineering theme – foreign relations with China.

The first approach involves spear-phishing targets using a document with remote content. As soon as the user opens the document, a “ping” request is sent to the attackers’ server. At this point, the attackers know the user has opened the document and send another spear-phishing email, this time containing an MS Word document with an embedded executable. The Word document usually exploits CVE-2012-0158. Sometimes the attackers send an MS PowerPoint document instead, which exploits CVE-2014-6352.

Once the payload is executed, an UPX packed AutoIT executable is dropped. Upon execution, this downloads additional components from the attackers’ servers. Then the stealing of documents and data begins.

The second approach involves capturing victims through watering hole attacks. The actor created a website that downloads genuine news articles from other websites. If a website visitor wants to view the whole article they would need to download a PowerPoint document. This reveals the rest of the article, but also asks the visitor to download a malicious artifact.

The two main infection vectors are supported by other approaches. Sometimes, the attackers email out links to their watering hole websites. They also maintain Google+, Facebook and twitter accounts to develop relevant SEO and to reach out to wider targets. Occasionally, these links get retweeted, indiscriminately bringing more potential victims to their watering holes.

The Attack Tools

1. Malware Analysis

The backdoor is usually UPX packed but still quite large in size. The reason for this is that most of the file comprises meaningless overlay data, since the file is an automatically generated AutoIT executable with an AutoIT3 script embedded inside. Once started, it downloads additional malware from the C2 and also uploads some basic system information, stealing, among other things, the user’s Google Chrome credentials. The backdoor also pings the C2 server at regular intervals. A good security analyst can spot this while analyzing firewall log files and thereby find out that something suspicious might be going on in the network.

Generally speaking, backdoors download additional malware in the form of encrypted or packed executables/libraries. But, in the case of Dropping Elephant, the backdoor downloads encoded blobs that are then decoded to powershell command line “scripts”. These scripts are run and, in turn download the additional malware.

One of the more interesting malware samples downloaded is the file-stealer module. When this file-stealer is executed, it makes another callback to the C2 server, downloading and executing yet another malware sample. It repeatedly attempts to iterate through directories and to collect files with the following extensions: doc, docx, ppt, pptx, pps, ppsx, xls, xlsx, and pdf. These files are then uploaded to the C2 server.

Also interesting are the resilient communications used by this group. Much like the known actors Miniduke or CommentCrew, it hides base64 encoded and encrypted control server locations in comments on legitimate web sites. However, unlike the previous actors, the encrypted data provides information about the next hop, or the true C2 for the backdoor, instead of initial commands.

2. C2 Analysis

In many cases it was very difficult to get a good overview of the campaign and to find out how successful it is. By combining KSN data with partner-provided C2 server data, we were able to obtain a much fuller picture of the incident.

We examined connections and attack logins to this particular C2. As it turned out, the attackers often logged in via a VPN, but sometimes via IPs belonging to an ordinary ISP in India. We then looked at the time the attackers were active, of which you can find an image below.

Victim Profile and Geography

We also wanted to get a better idea of the geolocation of most visitors. Analysis of the image provided access counts and times, along with the IP of the visiting system.

Noteworthy are the many IPs located in China. This focus on China-related foreign relations was apparent from the ongoing social engineering themes that were constant throughout the attacks. The concentration of visits from CN (People’s Republic of China) could be for a variety of reasons – diplomatic staff are visiting these sites from their CN offices, CN academics and analysts are very interested in researching what they believe to be CN-focused think tanks, or some of the IPs are unknown and not self-identifying as bots or scrapers. Regardless, because we were able to determine that multiple targets are diplomatic and governmental entities, these foreign relations efforts are likely to represent the main interest of the attackers.

Conclusion

Campaigns do not always need to be technically advanced to be successful. In this case, a small group reusing exploit code, some powershell-based malware and mostly social engineering has been able to steal sensitive documents and data from victims since at least November 2015.

Our analysis of the C2 server confirmed the high profile of most victims, mainly based in the Asian region and specially focused on Chinese interests. Actually, some hints suggest the group has been successful enough to have recently expanded its operations, perhaps after proving its effectiveness and the value of the data stolen.

This is quite worrying, especially given the fact that no 0 days or advanced techniques were used against such high profile targets. Simply applying software patches will prevent attacks based on old exploits, as well as training in the most basic social engineering attacks.

However, it should be noted that in this case Microsoft´s patch for exploit CVE-2014-1761 just warns the user not to allow the execution of the suspicious file.

Dropping Elephant artifacts are detected by Kaspersky Lab products as:
Exploit.Win32.CVE-2012-0158.*
Exploit.MSWord.CVE-2014-1761.*
Trojan-Downloader.Win32.Genome.*
HEUR:Trojan.Win32.Generic

As usual Kaspersky Lab actively collaborates with CERTs and LEAs to notify victims and help to mitigate the threat. If you need more information about this actor, please contact [email protected]

More information on how Kaspersky Lab technologies protect against such cyberespionage attacks is available on Kaspersky Business blog.

Indicators of Compromise

Backdoors

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Exploit documents

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Domains and IPs

http://www.epg-cn[.]com
http://chinastrat[.]com
http://www.chinastrats[.]com
http://www.newsnstat[.]com
http://cnmilit[.]com
http://163-cn[.]org
alfred.ignorelist[.]com
http://5.254.98[.]68
http://43.249.37[.]173
http://85.25.79[.]230
http://10.30.4[.]112
http://5.254.98[.]68
http://microsofl.mooo[.]com
ussainbolt.mooo[.]com
ussainbolt1.mooo[.]com
updatesys.zapto[.]org
updatesoft.zapto[.]org

http://feeds.rapidfeeds[.]com/61594/
http://wgeastchina.steelhome[.]cn/xml.xml
http://hostmyrss[.]com/feed/players
http://feeds.rapidfeeds[.]com/81908/
http://feeds.rapidfeeds[.]com/79167/
http://feeds.rapidfeeds[.]com/61594/

Update: our friends from Cymmetria (https://www.cymmetria.com/) have released their analysis of the Dropping Elephant / Patchwork APT – make sure to check it as well for more data about the attacks: https://www.cymmetria.com/patchwork-targeted-attack/

Text extracted automatically; images, tables and formatting may be missing. Original: https://securelist.com/the-dropping-elephant-actor/75328/