Help Net Security week-in-review roundup: Claude infostealer lockouts, record Patch Tuesday, McKesson breach, SonicWall zero-days, PaperCut attacks.
This Help Net Security weekly roundup aggregates prior stories: Anthropic locking out Claude users after infostealer-compromised login sessions, August 2026 Patch Tuesday's 398 resolved CVEs, ShinyHunters' claim of 284 million stolen patient records from McKesson, active exploitation of SonicWall SMA 1000 zero-days (CVE-2026-83548/83549), Sangoma Switchvox SQL injection exploitation (CVE-2026-9586), and attackers planting RATs on compromised PaperCut servers. It also covers FBI OAuth phishing warnings, a Spring Ring vishing campaign abusing Microsoft Teams, and a fake Claude Opus 5 GitHub repo delivering RevStealer infostealer.
CISA added seven actively exploited vulnerabilities to its KEV catalog, including SonicWall SMA 1000 SSRF CVE-2026-83548, amid campaigns deploying reverse shells and crypto miners.
CISA's KEV additions cover flaws in SonicWall SMA 1000 (CVE-2026-83548, CVE-2026-83549), Sangoma Switchvox (CVE-2026-9586), JFrog Artifactory (CVE-2026-82329), Kludex Starlette (CVE-2026-48710), Kestra OSS (CVE-2026-49869) and Berri LiteLLM's MCP endpoint (CVE-2026-59822). SonicWall confirmed active exploitation of the SMA 1000 flaws, while Microsoft and Wiz reported attackers chaining LiteLLM flaws CVE-2026-42271 and CVE-2026-48710 to fingerprint hosts, steal provider API keys and deploy XMRig miners on AI infrastructure. Wiz linked exploitation of the LiteLLM chain to the Qilin ransomware group, and Microsoft detailed a Kestra compromise chain ending in cryptocurrency mining and data harvesting via exposed RAGFlow flaws.
CISA added seven actively exploited vulnerabilities to its KEV catalog, including SonicWall SMA1000 SSRF and command injection flaws.
CISA added seven vulnerabilities with evidence of active exploitation to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on September 2, 2026. The additions cover Sangoma Switchvox SQL injection (CVE-2026-9586), Kludex Starlette request smuggling (CVE-2026-48710), Kestra OS command injection (CVE-2026-49869), BerriAI LiteLLM (CVE-2026-59822) and JFrog Artifactory (CVE-2026-82329) authentication flaws, and SonicWall SMA1000 SSRF (CVE-2026-83548) and command injection (CVE-2026-83549) vulnerabilities. Under BOD 26-04, federal civilian agencies must prioritize rapid remediation of KEV-listed vulnerabilities on publicly exposed assets.
Attackers exploit unauthenticated SQL injection CVE-2026-9586 in Sangoma Switchvox to run PostgreSQL commands and deploy reverse shells.
Threat actors are exploiting CVE-2026-9586 (CVSS 9.3), an unauthenticated SQL injection in Sangoma Switchvox SMB Edition 8.3 (104997), since August 30, 2026, running arbitrary SQL as the PostgreSQL superuser and achieving remote code execution. The /pa endpoint concatenates the user-controlled PhoneIP value into PostgreSQL queries; attackers can extract database contents, escalate to Switchvox web administrator, exfiltrate the cookie signing key to forge authentication, and invoke reverse shells. Sangoma patched the flaw in Switchvox 8.4.0.2 on July 14, 2026, roughly 4,000 instances are internet-exposed (mostly in the US), and honeypot activity from IP 176.65.148.184 deploys reverse shells followed by Base64-encoded process enumeration.
Attackers actively exploit SQL injection flaw CVE-2026-9586 in unauthenticated Sangoma Switchvox endpoints, dropping reverse shells and second-stage cryptominer malware.
CVE-2026-9586, an unauthenticated SQL injection in Sangoma Switchvox SMB Edition 8.3, lets crafted HTTP POST requests execute arbitrary SQL against the backend PostgreSQL database. Horizon3 honeypots first saw exploitation on August 30, 2026 from IP 176.65.148.184, and dozens of additional source IPs have since joined with scanning payloads and second-stage malware that appears to be a cryptominer. The flaw was patched in Switchvox 8.4.0.2 on July 14, 2026; roughly 4,000 exposed instances exist, mostly in the United States, and exploitation is likely against most of them.
CVE-2026-9586, a critical unauthenticated SQL injection to RCE in Sangoma Switchvox, is being actively exploited against internet-facing systems per honeypot observations.
CVE-2026-9586 (CVSS 4.0: 9.3) is an unauthenticated SQL injection in the /pa endpoint of Sangoma Switchvox SMB Edition, where the unsanitized PhoneIP value in XML phone notification requests reaches the PostgreSQL database. Horizon3 demonstrated escalation to OS command execution, and honeypots run with Defused Cyber observed exploitation attempts on August 30, 2026, using PostgreSQL commands with nc and curl. Fixed in Switchvox 8.4.0.2 released July 14, 2026; one attacker IP (176.65.148.184) was documented.
Horizon3 disclosed CVE-2026-9586, an unauthenticated SQL injection in Sangoma Switchvox leading to RCE, now under active exploitation in the wild.
Horizon3.ai attack researchers discovered CVE-2026-9586, an unauthenticated SQL injection vulnerability in Sangoma's Switchvox VoIP appliance that can escalate to remote code execution. The researchers observed active exploitation of the flaw in the wild. A disclosure write-up was published alongside their findings, and defenders should treat internet-exposed Switchvox instances as at risk.
Unauthenticated SQL Injection RCE in Sangoma Switchvox SMB Edition
Sangoma Switchvox SMB Edition 8.3 (build 104997) contains an unauthenticated SQL injection flaw (CWE-89) in its /pa endpoint, where the user-controlled PhoneIP value from XML input is concatenated directly into PostgreSQL queries without sanitization or parameterization. A single crafted request lets a remote, unauthenticated attacker execute arbitrary SQL statements against the backend PostgreSQL database, which can be escalated to remote code execution on the server. Any organization running the affected Switchvox SMB Edition build is exposed, especially appliances reachable from the internet. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw was added to CISA's KEV catalog on 2026-09-02, and researchers have observed attackers using it without credentials to deploy reverse shells and cryptocurrency miners.
Pre-Authentication SSRF in SonicWall SMA1000 Appliance Workplace Interface
CVE-2026-83548 is a critical (CVSS 3.1 score 10.0) server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in the Workplace interface of SonicWall SMA1000 appliances, caused by an unintended alternate access path (unprotected alternate channel, CWE-441; SSRF, CWE-918). Because it is pre-authentication, any remote unauthenticated attacker who can reach the interface can trigger it and gain unauthorized access to sensitive functionality and perform unauthorized operations. CISA lists all SonicWall SMA1000 appliances as affected, with CPE data naming the SMA 8200v and SMA 6210/7210 firmware; internet-exposed units are at highest risk. The flaw is being actively exploited in the wild: it was added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2026-09-02 alongside companion zero-day CVE-2026-83549, which reporting suggests may form an attack chain with this SSRF. Exploitation probability is elevated (EPSS 4.7%, 91st percentile) and no public proof-of-concept is known.
Authenticated OS Command Injection RCE in SonicWall SMA1000 Appliance Console
CVE-2026-83549 is a post-authentication OS command injection flaw (CWE-78) in the Appliance Management Console (AMC) of SonicWall SMA1000 appliances. An attacker who authenticates to the AMC with administrator privileges can, under specific conditions, inject arbitrary operating system commands and achieve remote code execution on the appliance. Only organizations running SMA1000-series appliances, including the SMA 6210, SMA 7210, and SMA 8200v models cited in the data, are affected. CISA added the flaw to the KEV catalog on 2026-09-02, and news reports describe active exploitation, possibly chained with companion zero-day CVE-2026-83548, with reverse shells and cryptocurrency miners observed; no public proof-of-concept is known. EPSS assigns an 8.5% probability of exploitation within 30 days (95th percentile).
· SonicWall SMA1000 series appliances - Appliance Management Console (AMC) · SonicWall SMA 6210 (SMA1000 series firmware) KEVmoderate
Authentication bypass leading to unauthenticated RCE in Kestra OSS
CVE-2026-49869 is a critical (CVSS 3.1: 10.0) authentication bypass in the open-source Kestra event-driven orchestration platform: the AuthenticationFilter exempts the public configuration endpoint from Basic Auth using a suffix match (request paths ending in "/configs") rather than an exact path comparison. As a result, an unauthenticated remote attacker can call any API URL whose final path segment is "configs", which is enough to create and execute arbitrary workflows without credentials. Because Kestra ships with script execution plugins (plugin-script-shell, plugin-script-python, etc.) enabled by default, this directly yields unauthenticated remote code execution as root inside the Kestra worker container. All Kestra OSS deployments prior to 1.0.45 and 1.3.21 are affected, with the greatest risk for instances whose API is reachable from the internet or untrusted networks. The flaw is being actively exploited: CISA added it to the KEV catalog on 2026-09-02 (EPSS 1.9%, percentile 79), and headlines covering the KEV batch report attackers deploying reverse shells and crypto miners.
· Kestra OSS (kestra) All versions prior to 1.0.45 and prior to 1.3.21; fixed in 1.0.45 and 1.3.21 KEV PoC moderate
Improper Authentication in JFrog Artifactory Allows Unauthenticated Admin Access
JFrog Artifactory contains an improper authentication flaw (CWE-287) that, under the product's default configuration, can let an unauthenticated attacker with network access obtain administrative privileges. The weakness is reachable over the network with no privileges or user interaction required, which is why it carries a critical 9.8 CVSS 3.1 score; an attacker who succeeds effectively gains full administrator control of the artifact repository, and public reporting describes attackers using the flaw to mint admin tokens days after disclosure. Any organization running JFrog Artifactory is in scope — CISA's entry lists the product without version detail, so deployments should verify their versions against JFrog's advisory (AV26-867, Update 1) — with internet-exposed instances at greatest risk. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: CISA added the CVE to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog on 2026-09-02, a public proof-of-concept is available, and news headlines report active exploitation alongside related Artifactory flaws CVE-2026-42016 and CVE-2026-42018.
Unauthenticated MCP Endpoint Authentication Bypass in BerriAI LiteLLM
BerriAI LiteLLM, a widely used self-hosted AI gateway and proxy server for calling LLM APIs, fails to properly authenticate requests to its MCP Streamable HTTP endpoint in versions prior to 1.84.0. An unauthenticated attacker can send a fabricated Authorization header that triggers an OAuth2 passthrough fallback, which replaces failed LiteLLM key validation with an empty UserAPIKeyAuth() object and lets the request reach MCP tooling without any valid LiteLLM key. Successful exploitation grants unauthenticated access to the gateway's MCP tooling with high confidentiality impact per the CVSS 4.0 score of 8.8, and public reporting describes attackers chaining LiteLLM weaknesses from authentication bypass to root code execution and cloud credential theft. Any organization running LiteLLM before 1.84.0 is affected, particularly gateways exposed to the internet. The flaw is confirmed exploited in the wild: CISA added it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2026-09-02, while EPSS currently estimates a 0.9% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days.
· BerriAI LiteLLM all versions prior to 1.84.0 (fixed in 1.84.0) KEVmoderate
HTTP Request Smuggling in Kludex Starlette (CVE-2026-48710)
Kludex Starlette prior to version 1.0.1 did not validate the HTTP Host request header before using it to reconstruct request.url, an inconsistency classified as HTTP request/response smuggling (CWE-444). Because routing operates on the raw ASGI scope path while request.url is rebuilt from the unvalidated Host header, an attacker can send a malformed Host header so that request.url.path differs from the path the router actually processed. Any middleware or endpoint that enforces security restrictions based on request.url rather than the raw scope path can then be tricked into approving requests that should have been blocked, bypassing those controls. All Starlette deployments below 1.0.1 are affected, both direct users and downstream products that bundle the library, including Red Hat offerings such as Ansible Automation Platform, OpenShift AI, OpenShift Lightspeed, Satellite, AI Inference Server, Migration Toolkit for Applications, and Enterprise Linux AI. CISA added the flaw to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2026-09-02, confirming active exploitation; related reporting describes attackers deploying reverse shells and crypto miners, and EPSS ranks it in the 98th percentile with a 36.3% probability of exploitation within 30 days.
· Kludex (Encode) Starlette All versions prior to 1.0.1 · Red Hat AI Inference Server KEV PoC ×3mass
RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine.
RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine. In 0.24.0 and earlier, a Jinja2 template injection in the prompt generator (rag/prompts/generator.py) allows any authenticated user to execute arbitrary OS commands on the server. Any normal user can register, create a Canvas workflow with a DuckDuckGo + LLM component chain, and trigger the SSTI.
RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine.
RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine. In version 0.23.1 and possibly earlier versions, the MinerU parser contains a "Zip Slip" vulnerability, allowing an attacker to overwrite arbitrary files on the server (leading to Remote Code Execution) via a malicious ZIP archive. The MinerUParser class retrieves and extracts ZIP files from an external source (mineru_server_url). The extraction logic in `_extract_zip_no_root` fails to sanitize filenames within the ZIP archive. Commit 64c75d558e4a17a4a48953b4c201526431d8338f contains a patch for the issue.
Capture-Replay Authentication Bypass in Microsoft Exchange Server
Microsoft Exchange Server contains an authentication bypass flaw (CWE-294) in which captured authentication material can be replayed, allowing an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network. Per the CVSS vector, the attack is network-based with low complexity but requires the attacker to already hold low privileges and some user interaction, and success yields high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Affected products include on-premises Exchange Server and Exchange Server Subscription Edition, though specific vulnerable version ranges are not specified in the available data. Public scans indicate nearly 22,000 Exchange servers remain exposed to the flaw following the August 2026 Patch Tuesday fixes. No in-the-wild exploitation, public proof-of-concept, or KEV listing is known; the bug was demonstrated at Pwn2Own (ZDI-26-534) and carries an EPSS estimate of 1.3% probability of exploitation within 30 days.
· microsoft exchange server · microsoft exchange server subscription editionlarge
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