Search: “decision-framework”

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Discovery Foundation Models: Toward Open-Ended Discovery Intelligence

Paper defines Discovery Foundation Models with seven coupled capabilities for open-ended discovery, demonstrated via Zetema and GALILEO systems.

The paper formulates Discovery Foundation Models (DFMs) as general-purpose model systems for open-ended discovery, supporting seven coupled capabilities spanning problem discovery, formulation, representation construction, hypothesis formation, intervention, evidence-grounded revision, and continual improvement. It instantiates the framework with Zetema, which couples explicit research-state dynamics, verification and experimental gating, and cross-task Discovery Skill evolution. The framework is grounded with GALILEO, a real therapeutic-discovery system combining dry-lab reasoning with robotic wet-lab experimentation in a closed physical discovery loop; code is released on GitHub.

Hugging Face daily papers·updated Sep 14, 17:56 UTC · 2d ago·first Sep 13, 20:00 UTC · 3d agoAI research 2 sources

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Saving Jet Fuel

Tutorial optimizes flight paths to cut jet fuel costs using open-source Scikit-decide planning framework and OpenAP aircraft performance models.

A technical walkthrough demonstrates wind-aware flight path optimization using Scikit-decide, an open-source framework for reinforcement learning and automated planning, paired with OpenAP fuel-consumption models built by Dr. Junzi Sun at TU Delft and NOAA wind data. A Boeing 787-9 flying EWR to FCO can require roughly $68K in fuel, and adjusted routing could save thousands. The post uses Python 3.12, DuckDB with spatial extensions, and QGIS for map rendering.

Hacker News · AI·Sep 15, 23:17 UTC · 22h agoAI tools & infraHN 45↑ · 19 comments

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One Symptom, Three Levers: A Critical Review of On-Policy Self-Distillation

A review paper frames on-policy self-distillation collapse as governed by three levers: token weighting, privileged information, and guidance decay.

The paper critically reviews On-Policy Self-Distillation (OPSD), where a language model trains on its own generations scored token-by-token by a teacher conditioned on privileged information such as reference solutions or environment feedback. It identifies collapse, the progressive narrowing of producible reasoning paths, as the dominant failure mode and analyzes it through three levers: signal weighting, the nature of privileged information, and teacher dynamics. The review is restricted to mathematical reasoning, reports no new experiments, and offers a shared vocabulary separating settled findings from disputed ones.

Hugging Face daily papers·Aug 25, 20:00 UTC · 22d agoAI research

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Can Foundation Models Moderate Online Content? Evaluating Instruction- vs. Example-Driven Policy Operationalization

ModerationBench shows foundation models can nearly triple Bluesky's moderation F1 (0.60 vs 0.22), with instruction- and example-driven guidance performing comparably.

Researchers built ModerationBench, a new benchmark of 4,000 manually annotated in-the-wild posts from Bluesky, to test whether foundation models can reliably operationalize content moderation policies. They systematically compare instruction-driven guidance (reasoning from policy precepts) with example-driven guidance (generalizing from precedents) for Vision-Language Models. Both paradigms achieve comparable peak effectiveness, and foundation models nearly triple the F1 of Bluesky's deployed moderation system on Random Posts (0.60 vs 0.22).

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 9, 16:30 UTC · 7d agoAI research1

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Safety for Whom? Boundary-Aware Self-Distillation for Controlled LLM Safety Refusal

A self-distillation safety framework tunes narrow-boundary refusals in Qwen3-8B, raising target-domain refusal to 84.75% while cutting over-refusal from 15.20% to 5.20%.

The paper formulates narrow-boundary safety, where deployments need refusals within specific topics rather than whole subjects, and proposes an offline self-generated framework with controlled topic generation, escalating retries, and harmful-benign boundary pairs. On political persuasion with Qwen3-8B, the method raised target-domain refusal from 9.47% to 84.75% and cut the mean unsafe-response rate across three broader benchmarks from 26.26% to 0.14%. Verified target-model responses reduced over-refusal from 15.20% to 5.20%, and boundary-pair data cut comply-side over-refusal on held-out pairs from 32.94% to 4.16%. Results show data composition controls the safety-usability trade-off and alignment should be evaluated on both sides of the refusal boundary.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 2, 20:00 UTC · 14d agoAI safety & security1

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Ask Before You Optimize: Dynamic Pre-Formulation Clarification for Interactive Optimization

Researchers release OR-Clarify, a benchmark testing whether LLM agents ask clarifying questions before formulating optimization models from incomplete requests.

OR-Clarify evaluates pre-formulation clarification in operations research: each task gives a partial problem description, withholds structured hidden slots, and scores agents via bounded interaction with a simulated user, measuring slot recovery, stopping behavior, silent assumptions, and interaction cost. The authors also propose InterOPT, a two-stage framework that identifies formulation-critical gaps to decide when to ask or stop. In choice-based experiments InterOPT substantially outperforms all baselines in exact slot recovery and remains competitive in the open-ended setting.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 3, 20:00 UTC · 13d agoAI research1

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AI for Military Support

Study of 2,015 Israeli military personnel found algorithmic aversion toward AI targeting decision support, reduced when explainable AI features were added.

The paper 'Black Box Warfare' reconstructed a real-world military AI decision-support system used in targeting and tested a high-fidelity replica in two experiments with 2,015 Israeli military personnel. Contrary to automation-bias fears, participants showed strong algorithmic aversion, especially in high-collateral-damage scenarios. Integrating explainable AI features reduced aversion and promoted more thoughtful evaluation of algorithmic recommendations. The authors conclude that trust in military AI is dynamic and that human agency remains central in high-stakes decisions.

Schneier on Security·Aug 11, 11:18 UTC · Aug 11, 2026AI research

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Necessary or Sufficient? Evaluating LLM Explanations With Behavioural Evidence

New framework tests whether LLM-cited explanation factors are necessary or sufficient, finding weak correlation across Claude, GPT, and Gemini models.

An arXiv paper introduces black-box intervention tests measuring whether factors LLMs cite in their explanations are necessary or sufficient for their outputs in agent oversight workflows. Across eight models from the Claude, GPT, and Gemini families, Spearman correlations between cited rankings and measured influence ranged from 0.349-0.354 (advisor recommendation) to 0.431-0.580 (prompt monitoring). Uncited factors scored above the lowest cited factor in up to 57.6% of advisor responses, showing cited top-three factors do not reliably identify the most influential inputs.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 4, 17:37 UTC · 12d agoAI safety & security1

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IBIB: A Protocol for Measuring Enterprise AI Systems by Serving Route, Not Model Identifier

IB2 protocol scores enterprise AI systems by serving route with reliability-inclusive scoring; serving-arm choice moved one score from 77.38 to 82.54.

The protocol has three parts: a gold-blind capability-binding preflight verifying a route can execute the evaluation contract, a reliability-inclusive first-pass scoring rule, and structurally score-blind adjudication. Its reference instantiation uses 128 locked tasks and 987 assertions over document, spreadsheet, chart, tool, and database work, released as procedure and schemas rather than an exposed corpus. Across eleven systems, two complete runs on identical weights later failed distinct binding-gate predicates, four of seven suites saturate within a six-system band driven by governed database work and multi-tab joins, and excluding failed responses from denominators changes the point ordering. Serving-arm choice shifted one declared revision and precision from 77.38 to 82.54, though arms differed in access mode, harness generation, and the tool-call parser.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 9, 17:31 UTC · 7d agoAI research1

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Distill Globally, Adapt Locally: Reasoning Distillation and Product-Type Test-Time Training for Scalable Trade-Up Recommendation

A distillation framework compresses LLM reasoning into a 15.5M-parameter trade-up recommendation model reaching AUC 0.941 with product-type test-time training.

The paper targets trade-up recommendation, which identifies higher-quality alternatives that preserve customer purchase intent. A retrieval-augmented few-shot LLM teacher generates labels and rationales that supervise a compact embedding-pair classifier; at inference the 15.5M-parameter student uses only two precomputed 768-dimensional embeddings with no LLM calls. On 8,352 annotated pairs, label-only training scored AUC 0.912, reasoning distillation reached 0.924, and product-type test-time training lifted it to 0.941 with average precision 0.940. The distilled student is roughly 5,000x faster and 10,000x cheaper than direct LLM inference on a 100K-pair proxy catalog.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 4, 17:08 UTC · 12d agoAI research

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Generative Marketing Mix Modeling: A Causal Inference Framework Linking GEO and GEM to Business Impact

Paper proposes Generative Marketing Mix Modeling to causally estimate Generative Engine Optimization and Marketing effects on business outcomes.

The authors develop GMMM, a causal inference framework for measuring how often users see and notice a firm's name in generated answers, which standard marketing data ignore. For GEO it combines repeated generated answers with question counts, shares of generative-system usage and notice probabilities; for GEM it uses sponsored placement records with notice probabilities. The framework compares expected business responses under alternative treatment sequences, establishes identification conditions, and is evaluated on simulated product-recommendation answers in English and Japanese.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 10, 17:57 UTC · 6d agoAI research

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K-Bench: a clinically calibrated benchmark for evaluating large language models in high-risk mental health conversations

Clinician-calibrated K-Bench evaluates 125 LLM configurations on 200 high-risk mental health vignettes, exposing wide variation in suicide and violence risk handling.

K-Bench is a clinician-calibrated, protected benchmark evaluating 125 model configurations from 33 base models across 14 providers on 200 multi-turn vignettes covering suicide, self-harm, domestic violence, substance misuse and no-risk presentations. A frozen GPT-4o judge achieved 94.2% exact agreement with clinician consensus across 6,751 eligible comparisons from 151 clinician-rated transcripts. Leading models combined supportive conversation with combined-risk scores above 95, while risk exploration varied substantially among weaker configurations; therapeutic prompting helped weaker models and elevated reasoning produced no average improvement. A continuously updated public leaderboard is hosted at k-bench.ai with protected test materials.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 14, 16:49 UTC · 2d agoAI safety & security

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Generalized Agent Iteration: One Formal Framework for Iterative Policy Improvement and Recursive Self-Improvement

Generalized Agent Iteration formally unifies iterative policy improvement and recursive self-improvement, defining axes that distinguish anchored, goal-drifting, and self-referential agents.

The paper proposes Generalized Agent Iteration (GAI), a formal framework that models learning as a cycle of agent evaluation and agent improvement, defining the agent as a configuration of modifiable components. Two dials—whether the improving mechanism is part of the agent and whether the evaluation standard is grounded outside it—separate generalized policy iteration (GPI) from recursive self-improvement (RSI) and classify systems as anchored, goal drift, or fully self-referential. The framework places existing systems on shared axes and makes defects of recursive self-improvement statable one condition at a time.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 10, 20:00 UTC · 6d agoAI research

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Before You Poll with LLMs: A Deliberative Diagnostic Framework

Deliberative diagnostic shows all five tested frontier LLMs misrepresent human belief shifts after arguments, with GPT-5.1 reversing on outgroup questions.

The Deliberative Polling Diagnostic Framework compares human and LLM persona belief shifts after identical informational interventions, using data from America in One Room (526 personas, 72 questions). All five frontier models tested failed uniquely: GPT-5.1 exhibited partisan reversal (80% on outgroup vs 26% on policy questions), Gemini 2.0 Flash, Claude Sonnet 4.5 and Llama 3.3 70B overshot at 5-7x human magnitude, and DeepSeek V3 showed near-zero change (rigidity). The authors term the underlying signature 'self-sycophancy', conformity to the model's internal persona stereotype rather than reasoning from provided information.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 14, 16:41 UTC · 2d agoAI research

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Learning-Guided Planning in Large Dynamic Action Spaces: Budgeted Tree Search for One-to-Many Mobile Charging

LP-BTS uses graph proposal policies, learned critics, and budgeted PUCT search to plan mobile charging across dynamic action spaces up to 2,813 stops.

LP-BTS is a learning-guided planning architecture for one-to-many mobile charging, where N=250 sensors induce roughly 1,125 initial candidate charging stops. A graph proposal policy concentrates candidate support, a learned value critic evaluates leaves, and edge-budgeted PUCT compares simulated futures, letting a single frozen checkpoint cover action universes from 736 to 2,813 stops. On a sealed 30-scenario confirmatory bank it attains the highest observed survival (0.4545) and alive-AUC (0.8031), though its +0.0066 survival edge over the strongest engineered comparator is statistically unresolved.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 15, 16:42 UTC · 1d agoAI research

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From Intent to Execution Grant: An Execution-Boundary Conformance Profile for High-Risk AI Actions

Researchers specify EBL-Core, an execution-boundary conformance profile binding AI agent intents, policies, and evidence into verifiable execution grants, validated with bounded tests.

The paper defines EBL-Core, a conformance profile deciding whether one fully materialized AI-generated candidate action may receive action-scoped execution authority. It binds a structured intent object, Root and Operational Policies, typed evidence, and a verifiable Decision Derivation through an Execution Release Contract, with lifecycle rules for Redemption and Revocation. Evaluation included 34 static vectors, 15 lifecycle checks, and 100 trials of 32 concurrent Redemption attempts yielding exactly one winner per trial. The authors state these bounded results demonstrate executability of the specified subset, not production readiness or complete mediation.

arXiv cs.CR·Sep 10, 14:21 UTC · 6d agoAI safety & security1

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E2A-Bench: Benchmarking Evidence-to-Action Reliability in Financial Chart Reasoning

E2A-Bench, a 969-query financial chart reasoning benchmark, finds VLMs fail evidence-to-action consistency, with fine-tuning amplifying BUY:SELL bias 4-6x.

E2A-Bench is a 969-query benchmark built from 323 HS300 constituents across three input modalities with deterministic OHLCV-derived evidence anchors, evaluating grounding, reasoning-action consistency, evidence-confidence calibration, and directional coverage via UCR, RCI, ECI, and NDR metrics. Testing 20 VLMs showed the lowest-hallucination model ranked near the bottom on coverage with only 6.4% directional coverage, and oracle-aided verification reduced unsupported claims but could collapse coverage. Financial fine-tuning amplified the BUY:SELL ratio by factors of 4.21 to 4.68 across base-fine-tuned pairs.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 12, 20:00 UTC · 4d agoAI research

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Procedural Graphs: Self-Evolving Execution Structures for LLM Agents

Procedural Graph framework stores procedural knowledge as triplets and self-evolves via LLM refinement, beating memory-based baselines across datasets, tasks, and LLMs.

The Procedural Graph organizes procedural knowledge into (procedure, relation, procedure) triplets; at each decision step the framework localizes the agent's active node and a guidance model translates the surrounding subgraph into step-level guidance that biases the solver's next action. An LLM refiner contrasts failed with successful trajectories and edits the graph's topology and attributes, retaining rejected edits to discourage repetition. Starting from a minimal skeleton, the loop builds graphs that match or surpass hand-designed ones and can repair flawed expert priors, delivering consistent gains over memory-based baselines across multiple datasets, task types, and LLMs.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 7, 20:00 UTC · 9d agoAI research1

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Prior Labs Releases TabPFN-3.5: A Tabular Foundation Model That Beats the Winning Otto Kaggle Solution With Default Settings

Prior Labs releases TabPFN-3.5, a 220M-parameter open-weights tabular foundation model that beats the 2015 Otto Kaggle winning score with default settings.

Prior Labs released TabPFN-3.5, a tabular foundation model that predicts in a single forward pass without per-dataset training or tuning. The base model grew from 53M to 220M parameters with a single multitask checkpoint, learned Fourier features, and in-context ECDF rank encodings. It scores 0.375 on the 2015 Otto Kaggle private leaderboard versus the winning 0.382 and claims first place on seven tabular benchmarks including TabArena and BeyondArena. Open weights cover the base, Fast (84M), and Thinking variants, but production use requires the Prior Labs API or a commercial license.

MarkTechPost·06:52 UTC · 14h agoModel release

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Thought without systematicity? Evaluating reasoning models on rule induction tasks

Study finds reasoning models often fail on structurally equivalent variants of tasks they solve, suggesting their reasoning lacks systematicity.

The paper extends rule induction tasks from cognitive science using task isomorphisms such as recombination and substitution to test systematicity in reasoning models. Despite solving tasks correctly, models frequently fail on structurally equivalent variants of the same task. The authors conclude many model behaviors lack systematicity, making it difficult to establish cognitive abilities beyond the specific evaluation contexts.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 11, 20:00 UTC · 5d agoAI research

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Causal Foundation Models

A paper introduces causal foundation models (CFMs): pretrained networks that estimate treatment effects on new datasets via in-context learning without fine-tuning.

Causal foundation models (CFMs) apply the foundation-model paradigm to causal inference, replacing bespoke per-problem estimator pipelines with networks pretrained once at scale. CFMs estimate causal quantities such as the average treatment effect on entirely new datasets through in-context learning, without model updates. The work serves as a practical introduction to the emerging area, covering background in causal inference and machine learning and including example code and Jupyter notebooks.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 1, 20:00 UTC · 15d agoAI research

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When LLM judges agree, should we believe them?

Amazon ICML paper uses Ising models to correct correlated LLM-judge votes, beating accuracy-weighted panels by 9-14%.

Amazon Science describes an ICML paper, "Dependence-aware label aggregation for LLM-as-a-judge via Ising models," addressing how correlated judge outputs inflate majority-vote confidence. The unsupervised method models pairwise dependence between judges, learning both reliability and similarity without human reference labels. Tested on relevance, toxicity, and summarization tasks with 10 judge models at temperature zero, it outperformed accuracy-weighted voting by 9% to 14%.

Hacker News · AI·Sep 14, 16:29 UTC · 2d agoAI researchHN 41↑ · 23 comments

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ToolLoop: Closed-Loop Tool-Use Data Synthesis via Decomposed Generation and Dynamic Self-Feedback

ToolLoop introduces a closed-loop synthetic data framework whose 11K examples lift a 4B model to 86.40% on BFCL tool-use evaluation.

ToolLoop decomposes tool-use data synthesis into function-name sampling, backward derivation of user queries, and forward derivation of tool calls, with dynamic self-feedback at each stage. This shifts the paradigm from generate-then-filter to generate-verify-refine, reducing inefficient and imbalanced synthetic data. A 4B model trained on 11K synthetic examples reaches 86.40% accuracy on BFCL non-reasoning mode (86.07% in an Isolate variant excluding BFCL-overlapping functions) and 72.1% on ACEBench using only 18.3% of baseline training data.

arXiv cs.AI / cs.LG / cs.CL·Sep 8, 17:26 UTC · 8d agoAI research1

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Lightning Weave: Improving the Accuracy-Efficiency Frontier of Reasoning Models through Capability Composition

Lightning Weave composes capabilities from independently post-trained models via on-policy distillation, improving Qwen3.5-4B reasoning accuracy while cutting tokens.

Lightning Weave is a post-training framework that merges accuracy and efficiency capabilities from independently post-trained specialist models into a single student via on-policy distillation. Each capability is represented as a policy shift, combined via aligned log-ratio shifts and Tilted-Target DOPD, enabling training without serving multiple live anchor models concurrently. On Qwen3.5-4B, it raises HMMT 2025 accuracy from 59.2% to 64.0% with 10.7% fewer response tokens, and LiveCodeBench v5 accuracy from 41.7% to 54.2% with 9.6% fewer tokens. The authors report a state-of-the-art accuracy-efficiency Pareto frontier across diverse students and math/code benchmarks, with code planned for release.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 12, 20:00 UTC · 4d agoAI research

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Heterogeneous Cross-Chain Transaction Tracing for Solana Bridges via Candidate-Set Selective Decision

SolTracer traces cross-chain transactions onto Solana bridges, improving open-world association F1 by 20.16% over the strongest baseline for illicit-fund tracing.

The paper formalizes four Solana-bound cross-chain transaction modes and proposes SolTracer, which maps heterogeneous execution semantics into a unified event space and uses candidate-set selective decision-making with abstention when valid targets are absent. In the challenging open-world setting with a 50% TA ratio, SolTracer improves F1 by 20.16% over the strongest baseline. An empirical study of real-world transfers examines count-value divergence across bridge mechanisms, cross-asset shifts, and decoupling between on-chain settlement and explorer visibility.

arXiv cs.CR·Sep 10, 11:43 UTC · 6d agoResearch

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Why judgment is emerging as cybersecurity’s defining skill

CyberScoop op-ed argues CISOs should grant AI autonomy based on reversibility and blast radius rather than model confidence, and measure analyst overrides of AI recommendations.

A CyberScoop op-ed contends that as AI takes over analysis and recommendations in security operations, human judgment about context, reversibility and blast radius becomes the defining skill. The author argues autonomy decisions should rest on how reversible and impactful an action is rather than model confidence, citing examples such as patching vendor-certified medical devices and a service account whose 3 a.m. login spikes were normal quarterly-close activity. It also urges leaders to measure analyst approvals, edits and rejections of AI recommendations, and review latency, instead of automation rates or mean time to resolution.

CyberScoop·Sep 4, 10:00 UTC · 12d agoIndustry1

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Enabling Creative Exploration for Vibe Design Agents

Separating design-direction exploration from code generation via structured specifications broadens UI alternatives without destabilizing output.

The paper proposes an inference architecture for vibe design agents that makes design direction an explicit intermediate decision: a Verbalized Sampling-inspired pre-pass proposes structured design specifications with typicality scores, an external selector samples one, and a downstream generator realizes it under fixed settings. Across 168 prompts with 1,255 paired comparisons per temperature, theme sampling broadens selection coverage and screenshot variation, with LLM-judge preferences varying across interventions and prompt complexity. An online experiment with over 300,000 tasks found the code-export increase statistically uncertain, though negative feedback events decreased alongside modest operational costs.

Hugging Face daily papers·Sep 13, 20:00 UTC · 3d agoAI research

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Introducing Unit 42’s Attribution Framework

Unit 42 releases its Attribution Framework, a systematic method using Diamond Model and Admiralty scores to attribute activity clusters to named threat actors.

Palo Alto Networks' Unit 42 introduced a structured framework for threat actor attribution built on the Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis and Admiralty reliability/credibility scoring. The framework tracks activity at three levels: activity clusters (named CL-STA, CL-CRI, CL-UNK, or CL-MIX), temporary threat groups, and named threat actors using the constellation naming schema. Analysts score evidence across TTPs, tooling, malware code, OPSEC, infrastructure, timelines, and victimology to decide when to merge or elevate clusters, avoiding premature group naming.

Palo Alto Unit 42·Aug 17, 10:52 UTC · Aug 17, 2026Research

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PIA-Bench: Towards Automated Privacy Impact Assessment with Large Language Models

Researchers release PIA-Bench, the first open benchmark evaluating how accurately LLMs can automate privacy impact assessments using 73 curated federal PIAs.

PIA-Bench is the first open benchmark for evaluating large language models on real-world privacy impact assessments (PIAs). The authors audited 499 expert-authored PIAs published by US federal agencies and curated 73 structured PIAs comprising 451 privacy risk items and 831 mitigation items. Off-the-shelf LLMs were found to produce meaningful assessments while identifying clear avenues for improvement. The paper calls for domain-specific LLM agent workflows, accountable LLM infrastructure, and new quality standards for PIAs.

arXiv cs.CR·Sep 11, 08:16 UTC · 5d agoResearch1

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