Mirai-like botnet scans exploit TP-Link EOL router flaw CVE-2023-33538 after CISA KEV addition, though observed exploit code is flawed.
Unit 42 observed large-scale automated scans attempting to exploit CVE-2023-33538 in end-of-life TP-Link TL-WR940N, TL-WR740N and TL-WR841N routers after CISA added the flaw to its KEV catalog in June 2025. HTTP GET requests inject commands via the ssid1 parameter at the /userRpm/WlanNetworkRpm endpoint to download and execute an arm7 ELF binary, a Mirai variant related to the Condi IoT botnet. Firmware emulation and reverse engineering showed the observed exploits are flawed and would fail, but the underlying vulnerability is real and successful exploitation requires authentication to the router's web interface. TP-Link confirmed the devices are end-of-life with no patches available and recommends replacing units and eliminating default credentials.
Unit 42 tracks a Mirai botnet campaign exploiting over 20 IoT vulnerabilities in routers, cameras and DVRs to build DDoS botnets since March 2023.
Since March 2023, Unit 42 has tracked threat actors exploiting more than 20 IoT vulnerabilities to spread a Mirai botnet variant, first seen downloading payloads from zvub.us on March 14, 2023. Exploited flaws span CVE-2023-1389 (TP-Link Archer), CVE-2022-30525 (Zyxel), CVE-2022-31499 (Nortek) and many router, camera and DVR bugs. The variant decrypts configuration strings with an XOR key derived from 0xDEADBEEF and lacks built-in credential brute forcing, so spreading relies on manual operator exploitation. Two campaigns observed since October 2022 share infrastructure and near-identical samples.
Fortinet researchers documented Evooo1Bot, a new Mirai-derived Linux botnet active since July 2026 that exploits known edge-device flaws to build SOCKS5 proxy networks.
Fortinet FortiGuard Labs identified Evooo1Bot, a previously undocumented Linux botnet built on the leaked Mirai source code, active in the wild since July 2026 and targeting internet-facing edge devices. It exploits numerous known CVEs in routers and devices from D-Link, Tenda, Telesquare, Zyxel, Hikvision, Atlassian Confluence, WSO2, TP-Link, NETGEAR, and others, delivering a bot binary via a wget.sh loader from 91.92.40.118 that clears bash history. The bot offers encrypted C2 on port 443, SSH brute-force scanning, credential sniffing, DDoS over DNS/TCP/UDP, an HTTP exploit dispatcher, and converts infected hosts into SOCKS5 proxies for anonymizing follow-on operations.
OS Command Injection in Zyxel Firewalls Enables Remote Command Execution
CVE-2022-30525 is an OS command injection vulnerability (CWE-78) in the CGI program of certain Zyxel firewall firmware versions. By sending crafted requests to the vulnerable CGI program, an attacker can modify specific files on the appliance and inject and execute operating system commands. Successful exploitation yields command execution on the firewall itself, allowing an attacker to alter device files/configuration and potentially pivot into the protected network — the class of edge-device flaw commonly targeted by ransomware operators (ransomware use in this case is not yet confirmed). Organizations running affected Zyxel firewalls, particularly those with management interfaces reachable from the internet, are at risk. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw was added to CISA's KEV on 2022-05-16, EPSS assigns a 99.9% 30-day exploitation probability (100th percentile), and no public PoC is catalogued yet.
· Zyxel Multiple firewall firmware versions; exact affected version ranges per Zyxel's advisory (not enumerated in source data) KEV PoC ×3large
CVE-2023-1389 is a command injection flaw (CWE-77) in TP-Link's Archer AX21 Wi-Fi 6 router that lets an attacker execute arbitrary operating-system commands on the device. It is triggered by sending crafted input to a remotely reachable service on the router, which passes attacker-controlled values to the device's shell without proper sanitization; the source data does not specify the vulnerable endpoint or exact affected firmware ranges. Successful exploitation yields remote code execution on the router, giving the attacker a foothold in the network where the router sits, from which they can pivot or abuse the device further. Any household or organization running an Archer AX21 router is affected, with the highest risk where the router's management interface is exposed to the internet. The flaw was added to CISA's KEV catalog on 2023-05-01, confirming exploitation in the wild; EPSS assigns a ~100% probability of exploitation within 30 days (top percentile), while no public proof-of-concept or ransomware association is documented in the source data.
Telesquare SDT-CW3B1 1.1.0 is affected by an OS command injection vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to execute OS commands without any authentication.
Telesquare SDT-CW3B1 1.1.0 is affected by an OS command injection vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to execute OS commands without any authentication.
Unauthenticated OGNL Injection RCE in Atlassian Confluence Server/Data Center
Atlassian Confluence Server and Data Center contain an unauthenticated remote code execution flaw caused by improper neutralization of expression-language (OGNL) input (CWE-917): an attacker with network access to the application can submit a crafted request that is evaluated as an expression and executed by the server. Successful exploitation lets a remote, unauthenticated attacker run arbitrary code with the privileges of the Confluence process, without any credentials. All organizations running self-managed Confluence Server or Data Center are affected, particularly instances exposed to the internet; Confluence Cloud is not listed among the affected products. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw was added to CISA's KEV on 2022-06-02 with ransomware use marked as known, and EPSS assigns a 100% probability of exploitation within 30 days (100th percentile). CVSS has not yet been scored in this data, but the KEV listing and known ransomware use make unpatched, internet-facing instances a top-priority patching target.
· Atlassian Confluence Server · Atlassian Confluence Data Center KEV ransomware PoC ×2large
Unauthenticated OS Command Injection in Tenda AC15 AC1900 Router
CVE-2020-10987 is an unauthenticated OS command injection flaw (CWE-78) in the goform/setUsbUnload endpoint of the Tenda AC15 AC1900 router, demonstrated on firmware version 15.03.05.19. An attacker triggers it by sending a crafted deviceName POST parameter to that endpoint, which is not properly sanitized before being used in a system command. Successful exploitation yields arbitrary remote code execution on the router, giving the attacker full control of the device and a foothold to pivot into the local network, as is typical for IoT botnet recruitment. Owners of Tenda AC15 routers are affected, with greatest risk on units whose web administration interface is reachable from the internet. Exploitation is confirmed in the wild: the flaw is in CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog (added 2021-11-03), carries a 79.8% EPSS score (top percentile), and a public proof of concept has been available since its 2020 disclosure; ransomware use is unknown.
· Tenda AC15 AC1900 router firmware Firmware version 15.03.05.19 (the only version named in the advisory; the full affected version range is not specified, so other AC15 firmware releases may also KEV PoC moderate
Unrestricted file upload leading to unauthenticated RCE in multiple WSO2 products
CVE-2022-29464 is an unrestricted file upload flaw (CISA classifies it as CWE-22, path traversal) in multiple WSO2 products — including WSO2 API Manager, Identity Server (and its Analytics and as-Key-Manager variants), and Enterprise Integrator — that lets an attacker write arbitrary files, such as JSP webshells, to any location on the server. It is triggered by sending crafted multipart upload requests to the WSO2 Carbon management-console file-upload endpoints, where directory traversal in the upload path allows files to be planted in the web root; requesting the uploaded file then executes it as code. An attacker who can reach a vulnerable management console gains unauthenticated remote code execution with the privileges of the WSO2 server process, which is often root in containerized deployments, enabling webshells, lateral movement, and ransomware staging. Any organization running affected WSO2 releases is exposed, especially where Identity Server (SSO/IAM) or API Manager gateways are internet-facing; the exact affected version ranges are enumerated in the WSO2 vendor advisory. Exploitation is confirmed: CISA added the flaw to the KEV catalog on 2022-04-25 with known ransomware use, and EPSS assigns a roughly 100% probability of exploitation within 30 days, making patching urgent.
Command Injection in TP-Link TL-WR940N, TL-WR841N, TL-WR740N Routers
CVE-2023-33538 is a command injection flaw (CWE-77) in the /userRpm/WlanNetworkRpm component of the web management interface on several legacy TP-Link routers. An attacker who can reach the router's management interface and send crafted requests to that component can cause the device to execute arbitrary operating-system commands. Successful exploitation typically gives the attacker full control of the router, enabling traffic manipulation, DNS hijacking, or pivoting into the connected network. Only the named hardware revisions are affected — TL-WR940N V2/V4, TL-WR841N V8/V10, and TL-WR740N V1/V2 — and these products may be end-of-life or end-of-service, meaning fixes may be limited or unavailable. The vulnerability was added to CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2025-06-16, indicating exploitation in the wild, and its high EPSS score (41.9%, 99th percentile) points to substantial near-term exploitation risk.
Arris TR3300 v1.0.13 were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the ddns function via the ddns_name, ddns_pwd, h_ddns、ddns_host parameters.
Arris TR3300 v1.0.13 were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the ddns function via the ddns_name, ddns_pwd, h_ddns、ddns_host parameters. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
Nortek Linear eMerge E3-Series devices before 0.32-08f allow an unauthenticated attacker to inject OS commands via ReaderNo.
Nortek Linear eMerge E3-Series devices before 0.32-08f allow an unauthenticated attacker to inject OS commands via ReaderNo. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-7256.
OS Command Injection in D-Link DNS-320/320LW/325/340L NAS Firmware
CVE-2024-10914 is a critical OS command injection flaw (CWE-74/CWE-78/CWE-707) in the cgi_user_add function of the file /cgi-bin/account_mgr.cgi?cmd=cgi_user_add on D-Link DNS-320, DNS-320LW, DNS-325, and DNS-340L network-attached storage devices. A remote, unauthenticated attacker can trigger it by manipulating the 'name' argument sent to that CGI endpoint, injecting operating system commands that the device executes. Successful exploitation yields arbitrary command execution on the NAS, giving the attacker control of the device — a profile attractive for follow-on actions such as botnet recruitment, consistent with recent IoT botnet activity. Affected devices are the DNS-320, DNS-320LW, DNS-325, and DNS-340L, which news reports describe as end-of-life D-Link NAS models, with all firmware up to 20241028 listed as vulnerable. A public proof-of-concept is available, the EPSS score is 96.2% (top percentile, indicating very high likelihood of exploitation within 30 days), and news headlines indicate hackers are actively targeting the flaw, though it is not yet in CISA KEV.
· D-Link DNS-320 firmware up to and including 20241028 (all listed firmware) · D-Link DNS-320LW firmware up to and including 20241028 (all listed firmware) PoC large
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